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Severin rebellion

Severin rebellion which considerably staggered Varaždin military district was bloodily smothered in 1755, so immediately after that Archduchess of Austria Maria Theresa determined to build a strong military base in the middle of border regiments – today's Bjelovar.

Along with diverse regulations and orders that increasingly burdened border peasants there also came order from Major-General Quicdardi to gather 120.000 forints for the newest uniform coats. Since the borderers already bought new uniforms to their own expence a few years earlier, this imposition additionaly embittered them. Amount of 120.000 forints had to be settled by taxes of all border inhabitants, including priests, so the villagers started expressing their resentment. Captain Ljubojević, who is for some known as «a father and a mother of the Border» allegedly put out the word that everyone who pays the rate for new uniforms will be beaten 50 times. According to Ljubojević who negotiated with general Quicdardi the real reason for rebellion was the impression borderers got. They thought general Quicdardi and colonel wachtmeister Zdelarević intended to force them to pay a lifelong rate (contribution) and thereby abolish their guaranteed privileges and completely disempower them.

In the beginning of 1775 when the commission came to Križevci to collect the money it encountered determined resistance of the peasants. Nevertheless general command did not withdraw its demands, so the occuring conflicts started already in mid-January.

The first more determined action of the borderers against those demands happened in border village Zrinski Topolovac, where captain leitent Echellhorn in spite of borderer's objections and resistance started to collect the money. When he wanted to leave the village with money, the borderers stopped him, wounded him and took the money. They would probably kill him if count of Topolovac didn't interfere. When colonel Brentano arrived to the village, no one was there because everyone went to nearby village Rovišće. In the meanitime a public borderer's resistance was ordered there. Border counts assembled on 17th January in Rovišće to consult about further measures in liberating the people from imposition. It was concluded to invite all borderers to Severin, as well as border officers by hook or by crook. Colonel Leilersberg tryed to calm the situation down by sending colonel Zdelarević and few border officers to Rovišće. On this occasion one officer was killed, the others ran away and Zdelarević was retained.

Persistence of military district to collect the money brought to general rebellion and on 20th January 1755 the whole Border of Varaždin military district was alarmed.

By that time in Severin 4000 borderers gathered. Later on that number increases up to 20.000 armed men. The borderers brought 42 different charters with earlier approved privileges. They locked all those documents in a church and later immured them in the church tower. At the same time the borderers proclaimed «Severin commune of Varaždin military district» as a territory where borderer's freedom, privileges and autonomy will be valid and where earlier officer's autocracy will not be maintained. All officers got the absolute invitation to come to Severin or they will be treated in a strict manner. Most officers ran away and just a minority responded. Most of the officers ran away from military district before 20th January because they have foreseen danger. Colonel Leilersberg from Križevci and lieutenant-colonel Mikašinović escaped over the Kalnik to Ptuj, and most of them escaped to Zagreb and Varaždin. The borderes plundered their houses and burnt the house of captain Mrzljak and lieutenant Katančić. Catholic priests also ran away from their parishes.

On 23rd January a several officers were killed in Severin with poles and rifle stocks and were left unburied as a reminder to all those who would try to strike back at rebels.

Risen borderers read to gathered people the old privileges which they still refered to, demanding repeal of all privilege canceling or opposite to decrees. Those days in Severin rebel leadership was elected as well as border delegation who were to leave for Vienna and handover a memorandum with demands to archduchess Maria Theresa.

Anyway, the borderers delivered demands to general Beck who immediately left to Vienna. Somewhat later the border delegation followed with captain Petar Ljubojević at the head. Initiated by borderers' demands archduchess Maria Theresa ordered to special imperial commission with general wachtmeister baron Wolfesdorf at the head to investigate incured situation. The commission was accompanied by a stronger squad of imperial army, and military preparedness of bigger army forces was also ordered.

Imperial commission started a vast investigation on 24th April 1755 in Kaniža. General Philipp Lewin baron Beck was sent to Varaždin military district to convince the borderers that the situation will be peacefully solved, without severe consequences for those who committed punishable actions. The borderers took note of this and returned to their homes. Anyway, strong contingent of the imperial army cut all connections between Varaždin military district and Slavonia. Besides general Beck, captain Ljubojević had an order from commission to also influence on settling of the situation. When he went to Kaniža to inform about the results of his efforts, he got arrested, chained, imprisoned, and deprived of his assets. His arrest discouraged all borderers.

Investigation lasted till mid-1755 and verdict was brought on 21st July of the same year. Out of many who were accused as rebel leaders, 101 borderer was convicteded (61 Catholic, 37 Orthodox and 3 undecided). Condemned to ten years of degradation and dungeon are officers: captain Petar Ljubojević, Knežević and Vuković, but neither officer was punished with death. Ten of the other borderers were sentenced to death, and most of the convicts were entirely deprived of their assets.

In 1755 when the rebellion was smothered, the old national government in Varaždin military district stopped exsisting. The counts were removed, public judges disappeared and in their place came auditor with «men under oath» from the army. All restrictions remained: the borderers did not get their real estates, just the right to use them and they complained about it.

Borderers of Varaždin military district kept only parchments with earlier privileges. They would take it in front of Severin church for special ceremonies, specially for St. George's day to remind themselves of the old days when borderers had the right to elect their own counts and public judges.

Long time ago  Severin rebellion  Bjelovar development  Archduchess Maria Teresa  Architecture  European cultural heritage of Bjelovar
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